Diversity of Anal HPV and Non-HPV Sexually Transmitted Infections and Concordance with Genital Infections in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Women in the Tapajós Region, Amazon, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to classify the diversity of anal HPV and non-HPV sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and compare the concordance between anal and genital infections in HIV-infected and uninfected women living in the Tapajós region, Amazon, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was performed with 112 HIV-uninfected and 41 HIV-infected nonindigenous women. Anal and cervical scrapings were collected and analyzed for HPV, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrheae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and Human alphaherpesvirus 2 (HSV-2). The Kappa test evaluated the concordance between anal and genital infections. The overall prevalence of anal HPV infection was 31.3% in HIV-uninfected and 97.6% in HIV-infected women. The most frequent anal high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types were HPV18 and HPV16 in HIV-uninfected women and HPV51, HPV59, HPV31, and HPV58 in HIV-infected women. Anal HPV75 Betapapillomavirus was also identified. Anal non-HPV STIs were identified in 13.0% of all participants. The concordance analysis was fair for CT, MG, and HSV-2, almost perfect agreement for NG, moderate for HPV, and variable for the most frequent anal hrHPV types. Thus, a high prevalence of anal HPV infection with moderate and fair concordance between anal and genital HPV and non-HPV STIs was observed in our study.

Risk factors related to preventable infant mortality in Espirito Santo, Brazil.

Objective: To analyse the factors associated with preventable of infant mortality, in Espirito Santo, Brazil. Methods: Data were collected from records of notifiable of infant death of the Mortality Information System. A total of 5,089 infant deaths were classified as preventable and non-preventable according to the International Collaborative Effort on Infant Mortality (ICE) and the State System of Data Analysis Foundation (SEADE) methods. To investigate the factors associated with preventable of deaths, it was applied the logistic regression. Results: Approximately, 73% of the deaths were preventable according to the ICE, while 76% were preventable according to the SEADE method. Using to both methods, it was observed that preterm birth, postneonatal death and birth weight between 3000 and above 4,000 g represented higher chances for preventable infant deaths. Furthermore, the medical care was more likely to preventable infant death only for ICE method. Conclusions: The factors related to the quality of care offered in the prenatal, prepartum and childbirth periods were more relevant for the occurrence of preventable infant death. Accordingly, it is recommended to strengthen mother-child care to detect risk pregnancies during prenatal care, as well as a hierarchical, regionalized and integrated perinatal network.

Mortalidade de mulheres em idade fértil no Brasil de 2006 a 2019: causas e tendências / Mortality of women of fertile age between 2006 and 2019: causes and trends / Mortalidad de mujeres en edad fértil entre 2006 y 2019: causas y tendencias

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a tendência das principais causas de óbito de mulheres em idade fértil (MIF) no Brasil, por faixa etária, no período de 2006 a 2019. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As principais causas de morte de MIF (10 a 49 anos) foram classificadas por capítulos da Classificação Estatística Internacional de Doenças e Problemas Relacionados à Saúde (CID-10). Posteriormente realizou-se análise de tendência temporal por meio de modelos de regressão polinomial das principais causas de morte de MIF segundo faixa etária. No Brasil, as maiores taxas de mortalidade por causas p/100 mil MIF deveram-se a neoplasias (25,34), doenças do aparelho circulatório (20,15), causas externas (18,69), doenças infecciosas e parasitárias (8,79) e doenças do aparelho respiratório (6,37). Para o período analisado, após padronização, as taxas de mortalidade por doenças do aparelho circulatório, do aparelho respiratório e infecciosas e parasitárias apresentaram tendência decrescente, com uma queda expressiva de 26,6% para as doenças do aparelho circulatório; já as taxas de mortalidade por causas externas e neoplasias registraram tendência crescente de 2006 a 2012 e decrescente de 2013 em diante. As causas externas e as neoplasias foram as principais causas de óbito, especialmente entre as mulheres mais jovens e com tendência crescente. Sendo este um importante problema de saúde pública, faz-se necessário planejar ações que otimizem os recursos e melhorem a qualidade de vida e saúde das mulheres.

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the trend of the main causes of death of women of reproductive age (WRA) in Brazil by age group from 2006 to 2019. Data used are from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) of Brazil. The main causes of death of WRA (10 to 49 years) were divided by chapters as per the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Subsequently, a temporal trend analysis was performed using polynomial regression models for the main causes of death in WRA. In Brazil, the highest mortality rates by cause by 100,000 WRA occurred due to: neoplasms (25.34), diseases of the circulatory system (20.15), external causes (18.69), infectious and parasitic diseases (8.79) and respiratory system diseases (6.37). For the analyzed period, after standardization, the mortality rate due to diseases of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and infectious and parasitic conditions showed a decreasing trend, with a significant drop of 26.6% for diseases of the circulatory system; while external causes and neoplasms showed an increasing trend from 2006 to 2012 and decreasing from 2013 onwards. Identifying the main causes of death of WRA in each age group is required to guide the planning of actions to optimize resources and obtain better results in women's health.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la tendencia de las principales causas de muerte de mujeres en edad fértil (MEF) en Brasil por grupo de edad desde 2006 hasta 2019. Con datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografía y Estadísticas (IBGE) de Brasil, las principales causas de muerte de MEF (10 a 49 años) fueron divididas por capítulos de la Clasificación Estadística Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas Relacionados con la Salud (CIE-10). Luego se hizo un análisis de tendencia temporal mediante modelos de regresión polinomial de las principales causas de muerte en MEF. En Brasil, las mayores tasas de mortalidad por causa en MEF/100.000 mujeres ocurrieron por neoplasias (25,34), enfermedades del aparato circulatorio (20,15), causas externas (18,69), enfermedades infecciosas y parasitarias (8,79) y enfermedades del sistema respiratorio (6,37). Para el período analizado, después de la estandarización, la tasa de mortalidad por neoplasias y por enfermedades de los sistemas circulatorio, respiratorio e infeccioso y parasitario mostró una tendencia decreciente, con una caída significativa del 26,6 % para enfermedades del sistema circulatorio, mientras que las causas externas y neoplasias mostraron una tendencia creciente entre 2006 y 2012 y decreciente desde 2013 en adelante. Identificar las principales causas de muerte en MEF en cada grupo de edad orienta la planificación de acciones para optimizar recursos y obtener mejores resultados en la salud de la mujer.

Reincidência de gravidez na adolescência: fatores associados e desfechos maternos e neonatais / Recurrence of teenage pregnancy: associated maternal and neonatal factor outcomes

Resumo O objetivo é analisar os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos associados à reincidência de gravidez na adolescência, assim como verificar a associação com desfechos maternos e neonatais desfavoráveis. É um estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do "Nascer no Brasil", composto por puérperas adolescentes e seus recém-nascidos. Utilizou-se regressão logística univariada e múltipla para indicar os fatores associados à essa reincidência. A reincidência da gravidez na adolescência esteve associada à idade materna de 17-19 anos (OR=3,35; IC95%=2,45-4,59), à escolaridade inadequada para a idade (OR=4,34; IC95%=3,50-5,39), à intenção de engravidar, à residência na capital do estado e ao fato do companheiro ser chefe da família. No entanto, as adolescentes primíparas apresentaram maior chance de doença hipertensiva e crescimento intrauterino restrito. Conclui-se que há um elevado percentual de reincidência de gravidez na adolescência no Brasil. Adolescentes com companheiro, pouca escolaridade e sem planejamento reprodutivo são as mais expostas a ter duas ou mais gestações antes dos 20 anos, demostrando dificuldades em postergar a primeira gestação. Todavia as adolescentes primíparas apresentam maior chance de intercorrências do que as multíparas.

Abstract The present study aims to analyze the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the recurrence of teenage pregnancy, as well as to verify the association with unfavorable maternal and neonatal outcomes. It is a cross-sectional study, based on data from "Nascer no Brasil", comprised of adolescent mothers and their newborns. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were used to indicate the factors associated with this recurrence. Recurrence of teenage pregnancy was associated with a maternal age of 17-19 years (OR=3.35; 95%CI=2.45-4.59); an inadequate education for their age (OR=4.34; 95%CI=3.50-5.39), with no intention of becoming pregnant; residency in the state capital; and the fact that the partner is the head of the family. However, as independent primiparous teenagers, there is a greater chance of hypertension and restricted intrauterine growth. It can therefore be concluded that there is a high percentage of teenage pregnancies in Brazil. Teenagers with a partner, inadequate education, and no reproductive planning are more likely to have two or more pregnancies before the age of 20, demonstrating difficulties in postponing the first pregnancy. However, as primiparous teenagers, they are more likely to have complications than multiparous teenagers.

Recurrence of teenage pregnancy: associated maternal and neonatal factor outcomes. / Reincidência de gravidez na adolescência: fatores associados e desfechos maternos e neonatais.

The present study aims to analyze the socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with the recurrence of teenage pregnancy, as well as to verify the association with unfavorable maternal and neonatal outcomes. It is a cross-sectional study, based on data from "Nascer no Brasil", comprised of adolescent mothers and their newborns. Univariate and multiple logistic regression were used to indicate the factors associated with this recurrence. Recurrence of teenage pregnancy was associated with a maternal age of 17-19 years (OR=3.35; 95%CI=2.45-4.59); an inadequate education for their age (OR=4.34; 95%CI=3.50-5.39), with no intention of becoming pregnant; residency in the state capital; and the fact that the partner is the head of the family. However, as independent primiparous teenagers, there is a greater chance of hypertension and restricted intrauterine growth. It can therefore be concluded that there is a high percentage of teenage pregnancies in Brazil. Teenagers with a partner, inadequate education, and no reproductive planning are more likely to have two or more pregnancies before the age of 20, demonstrating difficulties in postponing the first pregnancy. However, as primiparous teenagers, they are more likely to have complications than multiparous teenagers.

O objetivo é analisar os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos associados à reincidência de gravidez na adolescência, assim como verificar a associação com desfechos maternos e neonatais desfavoráveis. É um estudo transversal, a partir dos dados do "Nascer no Brasil", composto por puérperas adolescentes e seus recém-nascidos. Utilizou-se regressão logística univariada e múltipla para indicar os fatores associados à essa reincidência. A reincidência da gravidez na adolescência esteve associada à idade materna de 17-19 anos (OR=3,35; IC95%=2,45-4,59), à escolaridade inadequada para a idade (OR=4,34; IC95%=3,50-5,39), à intenção de engravidar, à residência na capital do estado e ao fato do companheiro ser chefe da família. No entanto, as adolescentes primíparas apresentaram maior chance de doença hipertensiva e crescimento intrauterino restrito. Conclui-se que há um elevado percentual de reincidência de gravidez na adolescência no Brasil. Adolescentes com companheiro, pouca escolaridade e sem planejamento reprodutivo são as mais expostas a ter duas ou mais gestações antes dos 20 anos, demostrando dificuldades em postergar a primeira gestação. Todavia as adolescentes primíparas apresentam maior chance de intercorrências do que as multíparas.

Association of Pre-S/S and Polymerase Mutations with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infections in Patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Several hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related factors, including the viral load, genotype, and genomic mutations, have been linked to the development of liver diseases. Therefore, in this study we aimed to investigate the influence of HBV genetic variability during acute and chronic infection phases. A real-time nested PCR was used to detect HBV DNA in all samples (acute, n = 22; chronic, n = 49). All samples were sequenced for phylogenetic and mutation analyses. Genotype A, sub-genotype A1, was the most common genotype in the study population. A total of 190 mutations were found in the pre-S/S gene area and the acute profile revealed a greater number of nucleotide mutations (p < 0.05). However, both profiles contained nucleotide mutations linked to immune escape and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinomas (acute, A7T; chronic, A7Q). Furthermore, 17 amino acid substitutions were identified in the viral polymerase region, including the drug resistance mutations lamivudine and entecavir (rtL180M), with statistically significant differences between the mutant and wild type strains. Owing to the natural occurrence of these mutations, it is important to screen for resistance mutations before beginning therapy.

Associated factors of neonatal near miss among newborns of adolescent mothers in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the associated factors of neonatal near miss among newborns of Brazilian adolescents and to compare their occurrence in young women aged 12 to 16 years and 17 to 19 years. METHOD: Cross-sectional, hospital-based study, using data from the study Nascer no Brasil ("Birth in Brazil") on puerperal adolescents and their newborns in all regions of Brazil. Multiple and univariate logistic regression were employed to identify the associated factors of neonatal near miss. RESULTS: The following factors were found to be associated to neonatal near miss among newborns of adolescent mothers: public source of payment (OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 2.02-10.32), having to seek help in different maternity hospitals (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.05-2.20), and maternal near miss (OR = 5.92; 95% CI = 1.94-18.05), in addition to a record of low weight in a previous pregnancy (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.61-6.04) and twin pregnancy (OR = 7.49; 95% CI = 3.28-16.82). CONCLUSION: Neonatal near miss affected newborns of adolescent mothers in both age groups equally. Also, the determinant factors of neonatal near miss can be mostly reduced with qualified prenatal, labor, and birth care.

Children, maternal and socioeconomic characteristics influence oral hygiene habits in schoolchildren / Características infantis, maternas e socioeconômicas influenciam hábitos de higiene bucal em escolares

Backgroung: the prevention of dental caries is basically done by brushing and flossing the teeth. The adoption of these habits, especially in children, is a complex process that depends on factors related to different aspects of life.Objective: to determine the association between children's, maternal and socioeconomic characteristics with oral hygiene habits in students aged 7 to 10 years in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.Methods: cross-sectional study conducted with probabilistic sample of triple stage with final study population of 1,282 students. Data were collected using a questionnaire applied to children and questionnaire sent to parents to fill out and return. The outcome was the variable summary called "Oral Hygiene Practices" with three possible combinations: less favorable level, intermediate level and more favorable level. The independent variables were children ́s, maternal and socioeconomic characteristics. The Multinomial Regression Analysis was performed between the independent variables that showed significance less or equal to 0.10 in the Bivariate Analysis and the summary variable. The significance level for the variables in the final model was p<0.05 and less favorable level was used as reference.Results: most were female (58.0%), aged 8 and 9 (56.1%) and enrolled in public schools (82.8%). The most favorable oral hygiene level showed the highest prevalence (78.0%) among schoolchildren. Remained associated to more favorable level in the final model the variables: living with father and mother in the same home (OR=2,88; IC95%=1,15-7,20), dental appointment (OR=3,01; IC95%=1,32-6,85), cavity experience (OR=2,88; IC95%=1,15-7,20)) and own a toothbrush (OR=4,72; IC95%=1,43-15,66).Conclusion: social determinants have a strong influence on the adoption of positive habits. It is necessary for public health a more comprehensive approach to the perspective of health inequalities so that the family and social context should not be overlooked.

Introdução: a prevenção da cárie dentária é realizada basicamente pela escovação e uso do fio dental. A adoção desses hábitos, principalmente em crianças, é um processo complexo que depende de fatores relacionados a diferentes aspectos da vida.Objetivo: determinar a associação entre características infantis, maternas e socioeconômicas com hábitos de higiene bucal em escolares de 7 a 10 anos de Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil.Método: estudo transversal realizado com amostra probabilística em três estágios com população final do estudo de 1.282 alunos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário aplicado às crianças e aos pais para preenchimento e devolução. O desfecho foi a variável resumo denominada;Práticas de Higiene Bucal; com três combinações possíveis: nível menos favorável, nível intermediário e nível mais favorável. As variáveis independentes foram características das crianças, maternas e socioeconômicas. A Análise de Regressão Multinomial foi realizada entre as variáveis independentes que apresentaram significância p-valor<0,10 na Análise Bivariada e a variável resumo. O nível de significância para as variáveis no modelo final foi de p-valor<0,05 e o nível menos favorável foi utilizado como referência.Resultados: a maioria das crianças era do sexo feminino (58,0%), com idade entre 8 e 9 anos (56,1%) e matriculada em escolas públicas (82,8%). O nível de higiene bucal mais favorável apresentou a maior prevalência (78,0%) entre os escolares. Permaneceram associadas ao nível mais favorável no modelo final as variáveis: morar com pai e mãe no mesmo domicílio (OR=2,88; IC 95%=1,15-7,20), consulta odontológica (OR=3,01; IC 95%=1,32-6,85), experiência em cárie (OR=2,88; IC 95%=1,15-7,20) e possuir escova de dentes (OR=4,72; IC 95%=1,43 -15,66).Conclusão: os determinantes sociais têm forte influência na adoção de hábitos positivos. É necessário para a saúde pública uma abordagem mais abrangente na perspectiva das desigualdades em saúde para que o contexto familiar e social não seja negligenciado.

Recurrent preterm birth: data from the study "Birth in Brazil".

OBJECTIVE: Describe and estimate the rate of recurrent preterm birth in Brazil according to the type of delivery, weighted by associated factors. METHODS: We obtained data from the national hospital-based study "Birth in Brazil", conducted in 2011 and 2012, from interviews with 23,894 women. Initially, we used the chi-square test to verify the differences between newborns according to previous prematurity and type of recurrent prematurity. Sequentially, we applied the propensity score method to balance the groups according to the following covariates: maternal age, socio-economic status, smoking during pregnancy, parity, previous cesarean section, previous stillbirth or neonatal death, chronic hypertension and chronic diabetes. Finally, we performed multiple logistic regression to estimate the recorrence. RESULTS: We analyzed 6,701 newborns. The rate of recurrence was 42.0%, considering all women with previous prematurity. Among the recurrent premature births, 62.2% were spontaneous and 37.8% were provider-initiated. After weighting by propensity score, we found that women with prematurity have 3.89 times the chance of having spontaneous recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.89; 95%CI 3.01-5.03) and 3.47 times the chance of having provider-initiated recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.47; 95%CI 2.59-4.66), compared to women who had full-term newborns. CONCLUSIONS: Previous prematurity showed to be a strong predictor for its recurrence. Thus, expanding and improving the monitoring and management of pregnant women who had occurrence of prematurity strongly influence the reduction of rates and, consequently, the reduction of infant morbidity and mortality risks in the country.

A population-based study of the relationship between advanced maternal age and premature/early-term birth in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To verify whether advanced maternal age (AMA), defined as women of ≥35 years, is associated with premature and early-term birth in Brazil, according to the onset of labor (spontaneous or provider-initiated). METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study. The "Birth in Brazil" study interviewed 23 894 puerperal women between 2011 and 2012, in all regions of Brazil. The current analysis included 17 994 adult mothers and their newborns (15 448 aged between 20-34 years, and 2536 ≥ 35 years). A propensity score was used to assess the likelihood of AMA women giving birth to premature or early-term infants (spontaneous or provider-initiated) compared to women aged 20-34 years. To balance the groups, we used maternal, prenatal, and childbirth characteristics. RESULTS: The general prematurity rate was 10.24%, of which the majority of births were spontaneous (55.73%). Conversely, early-term births were more often provider-initiated (54.81%). AMA did not increase the chance of premature births, whether spontaneous or provider-initiated. However, AMA was associated with a higher rate of provider-initiated early-term birth (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23-1.77). CONCLUSION: AMA alone does not contribute to premature birth; AMA's independent association with provider-initiated early-term birth may not be based solely on clinical indications.

Cytokines profile in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the leading causes of acute and chronic hepatitis and represents a serious public health threat. Cytokines are important chemical mediators that regulate the differentiation, proliferation, and function of immune cells, with accumulating evidence indicating that the inadequate immune responses are responsible for the elimination or persistence of HBV. This study aimed to determine the cytokine profiles (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17A) during HBV infection and investigate their association with genotypes. A total of 66 plasma samples, 19 from patients with acute and 47 with chronic hepatitis B infection, were subjected to biochemical tests, nested-PCR, and real-time PCR, with cytokines evaluated using a commercial BD Cytometric Bead Array Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Kit. Healthy controls (10 individuals) were selected from blood donors with no history of liver diseases. No correlation was found between genotypes, viral load, and cytokines analyzed. All cytokines showed higher levels of production among infected individuals when compared with the control group. A positive correlation classified as moderate to strong was found between cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2 through the Spearman correlation coefficient. TNF (P = 0.009), IL-10 (P < 0.001), and IL-6 (P < 0.001) levels were higher in acute individuals compared with chronic and control groups. Theses cytokines could be involved in the elimination of virus and protection against chronicity.

Associated factors of neonatal near miss among newborns of adolescent mothers in Brazil / Factores asociados al near miss neonatal en recién nacidos de adolescentes brasileñas / Fatores associados ao near miss neonatal em recém-nascidos de adolescentes brasileiras

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the associated factors of neonatal near miss among newborns of Brazilian adolescents and to compare their occurrence in young women aged 12 to 16 years and 17 to 19 years. Method: Cross-sectional, hospital-based study, using data from the study Nascer no Brasil ("Birth in Brazil") on puerperal adolescents and their newborns in all regions of Brazil. Multiple and univariate logistic regression were employed to identify the associated factors of neonatal near miss. Results: The following factors were found to be associated to neonatal near miss among newborns of adolescent mothers: public source of payment (OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 2.02-10.32), having to seek help in different maternity hospitals (OR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.05-2.20), and maternal near miss (OR = 5.92; 95% CI = 1.94-18.05), in addition to a record of low weight in a previous pregnancy (OR = 3.12; 95% CI = 1.61-6.04) and twin pregnancy (OR = 7.49; 95% CI = 3.28-16.82). Conclusion: Neonatal near miss affected newborns of adolescent mothers in both age groups equally. Also, the determinant factors of neonatal near miss can be mostly reduced with qualified prenatal, labor, and birth care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados al near miss neonatal en recién nacidos de adolescentes brasileñas y comparar su ocurrencia entre las jóvenes de 12 a 16 años y las de 17 a 19 años. Método: Estudio transversal, de base hospitalaria, con datos de la investigación Nascer no Brasil, compuesta por puérperas adolescentes y sus recién nacidos en todas las regiones de Brasil. Se utilizó regresión logística univariante y múltiple para identificar los factores asociados al near miss neonatal. Resultados: Se asociaron al near miss neonatal los factores fuente de pago pública (OR = 4,57, IC95% = 2,02-10,32), peregrinación por hospitales de maternidad (OR = 1,52; CI95% = 1,05-2,20) y la presencia de near miss materno (OR = 5,92; CI95% = 1,94-18,05), además de los antecedentes de bajo peso en el embarazo anterior (OR = 3,12; CI95% = 1,61-6,04) y el embarazo gemelar (OR = 7,49; CI95% = 3,28-16,82). Conclusión: El near miss neonatal afectó igualmente a los recién nacidos de madres adolescentes de ambos grupos de edad. Además, los factores determinantes del near miss neonatal, en su mayoría, pueden reducirse con la atención cualificada al prenatal, al parto y al nacimiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados ao near miss neonatal em recém-nascidos de adolescentes brasileiras e comparar sua ocorrência entre as jovens de 12 a 16 anos e as de 17 a 19 anos. Método: Estudo transversal, de base hospitalar, com dados da pesquisa "Nascer no Brasil", composto por puérperas adolescentes e seus recém-nascidos em todas as regiões do país. Utilizou-se regressão logística univariada e múltipla para identificar os fatores associados ao near miss neonatal. Resultados: Mostraram-se associados ao near miss neonatal de recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes os fatores fonte de pagamento público (OR = 4,57, IC95% = 2,02-10,32), peregrinação por maternidades (OR = 1,52; IC95% = 1,05-2,20) e presença de near miss materno (OR = 5,92; IC95% = 1,94-18,05), além de histórico de baixo peso em gestação anterior (OR = 3,12; IC95% = 1,61-6,04) e gemelaridade (OR = 7,49; IC95% = 3,28-16,82). Conclusão: O near miss neonatal acometeu igualmente os recém-nascidos de mães adolescentes de ambas as faixas etárias. Além disso, os determinantes do near miss neonatal, em sua maioria, podem ser reduzidos com atenção qualificada ao pré-natal, parto e nascimento.

Recurrent preterm birth: data from the study "Birth in Brazil" / Prematuridade recorrente: dados do estudo "Nascer no Brasil"

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Describe and estimate the rate of recurrent preterm birth in Brazil according to the type of delivery, weighted by associated factors. METHODS We obtained data from the national hospital-based study "Birth in Brazil", conducted in 2011 and 2012, from interviews with 23,894 women. Initially, we used the chi-square test to verify the differences between newborns according to previous prematurity and type of recurrent prematurity. Sequentially, we applied the propensity score method to balance the groups according to the following covariates: maternal age, socio-economic status, smoking during pregnancy, parity, previous cesarean section, previous stillbirth or neonatal death, chronic hypertension and chronic diabetes. Finally, we performed multiple logistic regression to estimate the recorrence. RESULTS We analyzed 6,701 newborns. The rate of recurrence was 42.0%, considering all women with previous prematurity. Among the recurrent premature births, 62.2% were spontaneous and 37.8% were provider-initiated. After weighting by propensity score, we found that women with prematurity have 3.89 times the chance of having spontaneous recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.89; 95%CI 3.01-5.03) and 3.47 times the chance of having provider-initiated recurrent preterm birth (ORaj = 3.47; 95%CI 2.59-4.66), compared to women who had full-term newborns. CONCLUSIONS Previous prematurity showed to be a strong predictor for its recurrence. Thus, expanding and improving the monitoring and management of pregnant women who had occurrence of prematurity strongly influence the reduction of rates and, consequently, the reduction of infant morbidity and mortality risks in the country.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever e estimar a taxa de prematuridade recorrente no Brasil segundo o tipo de parto, ponderado pelos fatores associados. MÉTODOS Os dados foram obtidos do estudo nacional de base hospitalar "Nascer no Brasil", realizado em 2011 e 2012, a partir de entrevistas com 23.894 mulheres. Inicialmente foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado para verificar as diferenças entre os recém-nascidos, segundo a prematuridade prévia e o tipo de prematuridade recorrente. Sequencialmente, aplicou-se o método de ponderação pelo escore de propensão para equilibrar os grupos de acordo com as seguintes covariáveis: idade materna, classificação socioeconômica, tabagismo durante a gravidez, paridade, cesárea anterior, natimorto ou óbito neonatal anterior, hipertensão crônica e diabetes crônica. Por último, foi realizada regressão logística múltipla para estimar a prematuridade recorrente. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 6.701 recém-nascidos. A taxa de prematuridade recorrente foi de 42,0%, considerando todas as mulheres com prematuridade prévia. Dentre os prematuros recorrentes, 62,2% foram espontâneos e 37,8% ocorreram por intervenção-obstétrica. Após a ponderação pelo escore de propensão, verificou-se que mulheres com prematuridade prévia têm 3,89 vezes a chance de terem prematuridade recorrente espontânea (ORaj = 3,89; IC95% 3,01-5,03) e 3,47 vezes a chance de terem prematuridade recorrente por intervenção obstétrica (ORaj = 3,47; IC95% 2,59-4,66), em comparação às mulheres que tiveram recém-nascidos termo completo. CONCLUSÕES A prematuridade prévia revelou-se um forte preditor para sua recorrência. Assim, ampliar e melhorar o monitoramento e manejo de gestantes com história de prematuridade impacta fortemente na redução das taxas e, consequentemente, na redução dos riscos de morbimortalidade infantil no país.

Pregnancy in adolescence in Brazil: associated factors with maternal age / Gravidez na adolescência no Brasil: fatores associados à idade materna

Abstract Objectives: describing maternal characteristics, risk behavior, obstetric data, prenatal care and childbirth in adolescent mothers in Brazil (age groups: 12-16 years and 17-19 years). Methods: hospital-based cross-sectional study substantiated by Nascer no Brasil", (Born in Brazil) data. The study encompassed puerperal adolescent mothers from all regions in the country, and their newborns. Chi-square test was used to compare adolescents in the 12-16 years old age group and those in the 17-19 years old age group. Results: pregnant women in the 12-16 years old age group mostly lived in the Northeast of Brazil (p=0.014); most of them did not have a partner (p<0.001), unplanned pregnancy (p<0.001), they had inadequate schooling for their age (p=0.033), had less than six prenatal consultations (p=0.021), were subjected to episiotomy (p=0.042) and accounted for the largest number of premature babies (p=0.014). Conclusions: puerperal women in the 12-16 years old age group presented vulnerability in their socioeconomic conditions, inadequate assistance at the prenatal and childbirth care, as well as their babies showed neonatal complications that pointed towards these adolescent mothers' need of multidisciplinary care.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever características maternas, comportamentos de risco, dados obstétricos, de pré-natal e parto de puérperas adolescentes do Brasil (12-16 anos e 17-19 anos). Métodos: estudo transversal, de base hospitalar, a partir de dados do estudo "Nascer no Brasil" composto por puérperas adolescentes e por seus recém-nascidos, em todas as regiões do país. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para comparar as adolescentes de 12-16 anos com as de 17-19 anos. Resultados: as gestantes de 12-16 anos viviam mais na região Nordeste do país (p=0,014), nelas foi mais frequente não ter companheiro (p<0,001), engravidar sem intenção (p<0,001), apresentar escolaridade inadequada para a idade (p=0,033), realizar menos de seis consultas de pré-natal (p=0,021), a episiotomia (p=0,042) e a prematuridade espontânea (p=0,014). Conclusão: as puérperas na faixa etária de 12-16 anos apresentavam mais condições de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, atenção menos adequada no pré-natal e parto, além de complicações neonatais de seus bebês, sinalizando a necessidade de atenção multiprofissional a essas adolescentes.

Prelabor cesarean section: the role of advanced maternal age and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate whether advanced maternal age (AMA) is associated with prelabor cesarean section and to identify the factors associated with prelabor cesarean section in AMA women, according to the mode of type of labor financing (private or public). METHODS: Based on the Birth in Brazil survey, the research was conducted on representative sample of mothers for the country (Brazil), regions, type of hospital and location (capital or not), in 2011/2012. This study included 15,071 women from two age groups: 20-29 years and ≥ 35 years. The information was collected from interviews with puerperal woman, prenatal cards, and medical records of mothers and newborns. Multiple logistic regression modelling was used to verify the association between prelabor cesarean section and maternal, prenatal and childbirth characteristics, according to the mode of financing. RESULTS: Our results showed a higher use of prelabor cesarean section for AMA (≥ 35 years) women in the public service (OR = 1.63; 95%CI 1.38-1.94) and in the private service (OR = 1.44; 95%CI 1.13-1.83), compared with women aged 20-29 years. In the adjusted model, we recorded three factors associated with the prelabor cesarean section in AMA women in both, public and private sectors: the same professional in prenatal care and childbirth (OR = 4.97 and OR = 4.66); nulliparity (OR = 6.17 and OR = 10.08), and multiparity with previous cesarean section (from OR = 5.73 to OR = 32.29). The presence of obstetric risk (OR = 1.94; 95%CI .44-2.62) also contributed to the occurrence of prelabor cesarean section in women who gave birth in the public service. CONCLUSIONS: AMA was an independent risk factor for prelabor cesarean in public and private services. In the public, prelabor cesarean in AMA was more influenced by clinical criteria. Higher chance of prelabor cesarean section in nulliparous women increases the chance of cesarean section in multiparous women, as we showed in this study, which increases the risk of anomalous placental implantation.

Socioeconomic characteristics influence attitudes towards sexuality in adolescents / Características socioeconômicas influenciam as atitudes face à sexualidade em adolescentes

BACKGROUNG: Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Adolescents (ATSA) are built according to the experiences and different social contexts. OBJECTIVES: to analyze attitudes towards sexuality itself, according to socioeconomic factors in adolescents aged. METHODS: Cross-sectional school-based study was carried out with 2,292 adolescents enrolled in high school, in 54 schools, through interviews using the Attitudes Toward Sexuality in Adolescents (AFSA) instrument that has four dimensions, and measures the Permissiveness, Communion, Instrumentality and Sexual Practices. Then, the attitude of each adolescent was classified as: unfavorable, indifferent and favorable. Pearson's Chi-square test and Multinomial Logistic Regression were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS: It was verified that the majority of the adolescents presented unfavorable AFSA, being these behaviors directly associated to: age of 15/16 and 17 years (OR=0.59; OR=0.47); lower secondary education (OR=2.03); adolescent's head of family having low education (OR=2.00); to live with the partner (OR=2.77); race / color black (OR=2.04) and brown (OR=1.88); and lower family income (OR=2.50). CONCLUSION: Adolescents with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to have unfavorable attitudes towards their own sexuality.

INTRODUÇÃO: Atitudes Face à Sexualidade em Adolescentes (AFSA) são construídas conforme as experiências vivenciadas e os diferentes contextos sociais. OBJETIVO: Analisar as atitudes diante da própria sexualidade, de acordo com fatores socioeconômicos em adolescentes. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de base escolar foi realizado com 2.292 adolescentes matriculados no ensino médio, em 54 escolas, por meio de entrevistas utilizando o instrumento AFSA, com quatro dimensões: Permissividade, Comunhão, Instrumentalidade e Práticas Sexuais. Em seguida, a atitude de cada adolescente foi classificada em: desfavorável, indiferente e favorável. Foram usados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Regressão Logística Multinomial nas análises estatísticas. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a maior parte dos adolescentes apresentou AFSA desfavorável, sendo tais comportamentos diretamente associados a: idade de 15/16 e 17 anos (OR=0,59; OR=0,47); menor série do ensino médio (OR=2,03); chefe da família do adolescente ter baixa escolaridade (OR=2,00); conviver com o companheiro (OR=2,77); raça/cor preta (OR=2,04) e parda (OR=1,88); e menor renda familiar (OR=2,50). CONCLUSÃO: Adolescentes com menor nível socioeconômico possuem maior chance de apresentarem atitudes desfavoráveis face à própria sexualidade.

Childbirth care for adolescents and advanced maternal age in maternities linked to Rede Cegonha. / Assistência ao parto de adolescentes e mulheres em idade materna avançada em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha.

Based on the Rede Cegonha guidelines that propose the strengthening of women's sexual and reproductive rights, we sought to present a brief overview of issues related to reproductive planning and to analyze obstetric practices in childbirth care for adolescents and women of advanced age in maternity hospitals linked to Rede Cegonha. Data were extracted from an assessment conducted in 2017, based on information from the interview with puerperal women and from the hospital record. For age extremes, the high proportion of unplanned pregnancies and low use of contraception means problems in accessing family planning programs. Adolescents are more exposed to the presence of a companion and less to the use of analgesia in labor. Advanced maternal age were more likely to use analgesia in labor and to give birth in the lithotomy position, being less exposed to amniotomy. Although Rede Cegonha is an excellent strategy for improving assistance to childbirth, attention is still needed to the use of potentially unnecessary or not recommended interventions, with greater incentive to good obstetric practices.

Com base nas diretrizes da Rede Cegonha, que propõem fortalecimento dos direitos sexuais e dos direitos reprodutivos das mulheres, buscou-se apresentar um breve panorama de questões relacionadas ao planejamento reprodutivo e analisar as práticas obstétricas na atenção ao parto de adolescentes e mulheres em idade avançada, em maternidades vinculadas a Rede Cegonha. Os dados foram extraídos da avaliação conduzida em 2017, com base nas informações da entrevista com as puérperas e do prontuário hospitalar. Para os extremos etários, a alta proporção de gravidez não planejada e a baixa utilização de meios de contracepção indicam problemas no acesso aos programas de planejamento familiar. As adolescentes estão mais expostas à presença de acompanhante e menos ao uso de analgesia no trabalho de parto. As mulheres em idade avançada apresentaram maior chance de uso de analgesia no trabalho de parto e de parir na posição de litotomia, estando menos expostas a prática de amniotomia. Apesar da Rede Cegonha ser uma excelente estratégia para melhoria da assistência ao trabalho de parto e ao parto, ainda é preciso atenção ao uso de intervenções potencialmente desnecessárias ou não recomendadas, com maior incentivo às boas práticas obstétricas.

[Factors associated with educational guidance regarding oral health during prenatal care]. / Fatores associados à atividade educativa em saúde bucal na assistência pré-natal.

The scope of this article is to verify the factors associated with providing educational guidance related to oral health during prenatal care in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória - ES, Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study of 1,035 postpartum women in public or affiliated private hospitals in the SUS in 2010. A descriptive analysis of the main educational information and binomial logistic regression was conducted to test the association between individual and contextual variables and "receiving educational guidance through meetings and/or pregnant mother groups in the health unit and/or through home visits". The information given most during prenatal care was "the advantage of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of life" (52.0%) and least was "the importance of fluoride use in health" (18.9%). Being attended by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) (OR=1.94), having adequate living conditions for women and children (OR=1.73) and an additional prenatal visit (OR=1.08), increased the chance of providing educational guidance in prenatal care. Frequent pre-natal visits, coverage of health services in line with the FHS, and adequate conditions of housing were factors that were positively associated with educational guidance during prenatal care.

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar os fatores associados à realização de atividades educativas relacionadas à saúde bucal durante o acompanhamento pré-natal na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória-ES, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 1.035 puérperas em maternidades públicas ou conveniadas ao SUS, em 2010. Executou-se análise descritiva das principais informações educativas e regressão logística binomial associando-se variáveis individuais e contextuais com o desfecho "recebimento de atividade educativa por meio de reuniões e/ou grupo de gestante na unidade de saúde e/ou por meio de visita domiciliar". A informação mais recebida durante o pré-natal foi: "vantagem da amamentação exclusiva até os seis meses de vida" (52,0%) e a menos recebida foi "a importância do uso do flúor na saúde" (18,9%). Ter atendimento pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,94), ter condições externas de moradia adequadas (OR=1,73) e aumento de 1 consulta pré-natal (OR=1,08) aumentaram a chance de realização de atividade educativa no pré-natal. Número elevado de consultas pré-natal, cobertura dos serviços de saúde nos moldes da ESF e condições externas de moradia adequadas foram fatores que se associaram positivamente às atividades educativas durante o pré-natal.

Assistência ao parto de adolescentes e mulheres em idade materna avançada em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha / Childbirth care for adolescents and advanced maternal age in maternities linked to Rede Cegonha

Resumo Com base nas diretrizes da Rede Cegonha, que propõem fortalecimento dos direitos sexuais e dos direitos reprodutivos das mulheres, buscou-se apresentar um breve panorama de questões relacionadas ao planejamento reprodutivo e analisar as práticas obstétricas na atenção ao parto de adolescentes e mulheres em idade avançada, em maternidades vinculadas a Rede Cegonha. Os dados foram extraídos da avaliação conduzida em 2017, com base nas informações da entrevista com as puérperas e do prontuário hospitalar. Para os extremos etários, a alta proporção de gravidez não planejada e a baixa utilização de meios de contracepção indicam problemas no acesso aos programas de planejamento familiar. As adolescentes estão mais expostas à presença de acompanhante e menos ao uso de analgesia no trabalho de parto. As mulheres em idade avançada apresentaram maior chance de uso de analgesia no trabalho de parto e de parir na posição de litotomia, estando menos expostas a prática de amniotomia. Apesar da Rede Cegonha ser uma excelente estratégia para melhoria da assistência ao trabalho de parto e ao parto, ainda é preciso atenção ao uso de intervenções potencialmente desnecessárias ou não recomendadas, com maior incentivo às boas práticas obstétricas.

Abstract Based on the Rede Cegonha guidelines that propose the strengthening of women's sexual and reproductive rights, we sought to present a brief overview of issues related to reproductive planning and to analyze obstetric practices in childbirth care for adolescents and women of advanced age in maternity hospitals linked to Rede Cegonha. Data were extracted from an assessment conducted in 2017, based on information from the interview with puerperal women and from the hospital record. For age extremes, the high proportion of unplanned pregnancies and low use of contraception means problems in accessing family planning programs. Adolescents are more exposed to the presence of a companion and less to the use of analgesia in labor. Advanced maternal age were more likely to use analgesia in labor and to give birth in the lithotomy position, being less exposed to amniotomy. Although Rede Cegonha is an excellent strategy for improving assistance to childbirth, attention is still needed to the use of potentially unnecessary or not recommended interventions, with greater incentive to good obstetric practices.

Fatores associados à atividade educativa em saúde bucal na assistência pré-natal / Factors associated with educational guidance regarding oral health during prenatal care

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar os fatores associados à realização de atividades educativas relacionadas à saúde bucal durante o acompanhamento pré-natal na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória-ES, Brasil. Estudo transversal com 1.035 puérperas em maternidades públicas ou conveniadas ao SUS, em 2010. Executou-se análise descritiva das principais informações educativas e regressão logística binomial associando-se variáveis individuais e contextuais com o desfecho "recebimento de atividade educativa por meio de reuniões e/ou grupo de gestante na unidade de saúde e/ou por meio de visita domiciliar". A informação mais recebida durante o pré-natal foi: "vantagem da amamentação exclusiva até os seis meses de vida" (52,0%) e a menos recebida foi "a importância do uso do flúor na saúde" (18,9%). Ter atendimento pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (OR=1,94), ter condições externas de moradia adequadas (OR=1,73) e aumento de 1 consulta pré-natal (OR=1,08) aumentaram a chance de realização de atividade educativa no pré-natal. Número elevado de consultas pré-natal, cobertura dos serviços de saúde nos moldes da ESF e condições externas de moradia adequadas foram fatores que se associaram positivamente às atividades educativas durante o pré-natal.

Abstract The scope of this article is to verify the factors associated with providing educational guidance related to oral health during prenatal care in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória - ES, Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study of 1,035 postpartum women in public or affiliated private hospitals in the SUS in 2010. A descriptive analysis of the main educational information and binomial logistic regression was conducted to test the association between individual and contextual variables and "receiving educational guidance through meetings and/or pregnant mother groups in the health unit and/or through home visits". The information given most during prenatal care was "the advantage of exclusive breastfeeding until six months of life" (52.0%) and least was "the importance of fluoride use in health" (18.9%). Being attended by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) (OR=1.94), having adequate living conditions for women and children (OR=1.73) and an additional prenatal visit (OR=1.08), increased the chance of providing educational guidance in prenatal care. Frequent pre-natal visits, coverage of health services in line with the FHS, and adequate conditions of housing were factors that were positively associated with educational guidance during prenatal care.